: Virtue is a "mean" state between two vicious extremes: Excess : Having too much of a trait (e.g., Rashness). Deficiency : Having too little of a trait (e.g., Cowardice).
: Acts done under compulsion or through ignorance (specifically of particular facts). Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Books II--IV: Tr...
: Intellectual (taught) and Moral (habituated). : Virtue is a "mean" state between two
Aristotle establishes that moral virtue is not innate but is acquired through —by repeatedly doing virtuous acts until they become part of one's character. : Intellectual (taught) and Moral (habituated)
Aristotle investigates the conditions under which we are responsible for our actions and details the first two specific virtues. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Action
: Acts originating in the agent with knowledge of the circumstances.
: We deliberate about means , not ends . Choice is "deliberate desire" for things in our power. The First Specific Virtues