Stigma surfaced eight months before the 2023 regional banking crisis and has not significantly subsided since. Other Key Research Papers
(2025): Uses laboratory experiments to show that once a facility is stigmatized, it is extremely difficult to "cure" that perception, even with policy changes. discount window treatment
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report No. 1137 (Revised March 2026) Key Findings: Stigma surfaced eight months before the 2023 regional
Despite Fed efforts to encourage usage, the DW remains heavily stigmatized. discount window treatment
If you are looking for a comprehensive research paper on this topic, the most recent and authoritative study is: