He differentiates between Negative Peace (the absence of war) and Positive Peace (the presence of social justice and human integration). The Four Theoretical Pillars

A state of affairs that allows for the nonviolent and creative handling of conflict .

Investigates cultural violence , looking at the deep-seated codes and cosmologies within civilizations that justify other forms of violence. The Violence Triangle

Johan Galtung’s is a foundational text in peace studies . Published in 1996, it provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for peace research, education, and action. Core Definitions of Peace Galtung defines peace through two distinct lenses:

The absence of direct, structural, and cultural violence.

The book is structured into four parts, each exploring a major approach to peace:

Addresses structural violence , particularly in economic systems, and proposes ways to overcome it.

A central concept in Galtung’s work is the interrelationship between three types of violence: Conflict Formations - Peace by Peaceful Means